Active Transport

What are kind of active transport?
What are those process?
Why it is important for the process of absorption?
What are the examples of active transport?

What are kind of active transport?
This include carrier mediated transport, phagocytosis and pynocitosis.

Passive Diffusion (Difusi pasif)

What are factors of passive diffusion? 
What factors affect the rate of diffusion?
Example of passive diffusion in the our organ ?
What is facilitated diffusion?

What are factors of passive diffusion?
Most toxic substance penetrate membrane cells by passive diffusion. It is dependent on three basic factors: concentration gradient across the cell membrane, lipid solubility, and the electrical charge associated with the molecule. Special note for lipid solubility. It results in the bioaccumulation of some types of toxic substances such as DDT in fatty tissues, this will cause DDT is concentrated to a level that may cause detrimental effects.

Process of Toxic within our body

What are the process of toxicant in our body?
What is absorption?
What is distribution?
What is metabolism?
What is elimination process?

What are the process of toxicant in our body?
Mainly are absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (excretion). For an effect from exposure to be observed, the toxicant must reach the target tissue in a high enough concentration to cause a response. The amount that actually reaches the target tissue is dependent upon the amount absorbed, the distribution of the substance thoughout the body, the metabolism of the substance and the rate of excretion. The amount of a substance that reaches target issue is the net result of the interaction between absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.

Absorption

What substance that can be absorped by cells?
What factors affect absorption rate?
What are mechanism of absoprtion?
What are types of absorption?

What substance that can be absorbed by cells?
Only certain substances are able to pass cell membrane which is selectively permeable. Its selectivity is determined by molecular size, lipid solubility and electrical charge asociated by toxicant. 

Dose-Response Relationship (Hubungan Dosis-Efek)

What is dose response relationship?
What is the purpose of dose response relationship?
What are the methods to determine dose response relationship?
What does it has something to do with acute and chronic test?
What is dose response curve?
Why is the curve very important?
What are variables of toxicity?

What is dose response relationship?
Its just ordinary relationship for a test or observation, for a given dose, what are responses of the object of study (animal or humans), what are the observed effect (organ structure changes, death, etc.) for a given dose.

Acute vs Chronic Studies (Studi Akut vs Kronik)

What are characteristics of acute?
What are general purposes for acute test?
What are characteristics of chronic?
What are general purposes for chronic test?
What are LD50 and LC50?
Important Note!

What are characteristics of acute?
Most used study because of several reasons:
1. Short term (less than 14 days)
2. relative inexpensive
3. The result is LD50 or LC 50